inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">早在上世纪，许多科幻电影就塑造了类型多样的武装机器人形象，这些机器人在战场上凭借突破人类生理极限的特点和强大力量给观众留下深刻印象。

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">随着信息技术与人工智能技术的发展，武装机器人已经从银幕走进现实，越来越多智能化程度更高、战场适应能力更强的武装机器人相继问世，频繁走上军事舞台。

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">那么，武装机器人为何引发普遍关注？它有哪些优点，又潜藏着哪些隐患？未来战场它能发挥什么作用？今天，让我们以地面武装机器人为主要样本，一起走近有“智”又有“勇”的“士兵”。

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">四足机器人Vision60。供图：阳 明

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">从军之旅——

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">代替作战人员执行危险任务

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">拥有一个不知疲倦、智能精准的机器人助手，一直是人类开始使用工具以来的梦想。

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">上世纪40年代，依靠固定程序和存储器控制，机器人开始投入工业实用性研究。当时这些机器人只能进行简单的“取、放”动作，很难应对地面战场的复杂需求。

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">直到20年后，随着“以小型电子计算机代替存储器控制”技术诞生，机器人具备基本的“感觉”和协调能力成为了可能。

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">1966年，美国海军机器人“科沃”潜至750米深的海底，成功打捞起一枚失落的氢弹。这轰动一时的事件，使人们第一次看到了机器人在军事领域潜在的使用价值。

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">随后，世界各国先后研制出了“军用航天机器人”“危险环境工作机器人”“无人驾驶侦察机”等，其战场应用取得较大进展：越南战争中，美国使用武装机器人驾驶列车，为运输纵队排险除障；反恐行动中，英国陆军使用武装机器人多次排除汽车炸弹……

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">不过，这一时期的机器人智能化程度仍然较低。进入上世纪80年代，随着计算机技术、人工智能技术的发展以及各种传感器被井喷式地开发使用，“四肢俱全、耳聪目明、智力合格”的武装机器人开始出现。

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">这些武装机器人不仅能从事繁重的体力劳动，还具有一定的分析和判断能力。它们不仅可以模仿人体的各种动作，还可以从事较复杂的脑力劳动。至此，各国开发军用武装机器人的热情被持续点燃。

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">进入21世纪后，众多系列的军用地面武装机器人百花齐放。

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">不少国家的武装机器人都配备了先进的人工智能模块和指挥控制模块，能够为机动部队提供直接的高精度火力支援，提高部队的保护和生存能力。例如，英国米拉公司研制的Viking多用途地面无人车、以色列埃尔比特系统公司研制的ROOK无人车、美国通用动力公司研制的多用途战术无人车MUTT等，能够在地面战场代替士兵，执行搜索、侦察、布雷、排爆、支援等任务。

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">总之，面对未来战场危险性和复杂性叠加的可能，武装机器人可以代替作战人员执行较为危险的任务，大幅度提高作战效能，牵引作战单元朝着无人化、智能化、高精度化的方向快速发展。

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">外形结构——

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">武装机器人外形并非都像人

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">受影视、动漫作品的影响，在很多人的印象中，地面武装机器人的外形样貌应该与人类似。

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">其实，机器人的形体是根据使用需要塑造的，绝大多数机器人外形并不像人。尤其是用于军事领域的武装机器人，单从外形上看，它们很可能是一部灵巧的汽车、一辆无人驾驶的坦克、一架飞机或者一门火炮，甚至是四不像的怪物。

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">这些形态各异的机器人，虽然在形体上看不出与人类有任何相似之处，但在“器官”的组成上，它们的很多结构与人体功能类似。

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">比如被称为“机械臂”的操作系统，由齿轮、杠杆及劳动工件等连接而成。它就像人类的手臂，能转动、弯曲、放松和捏紧夹具，是机器人的体力劳动系统。该系统的作用是抓住某个工作对象，使其按照具体的工作或作战要求动作。

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">再比如，相当于人类身体内部“神经网络”的机器人信息传输系统，主要由有线和无线电通信系统、声呐系统、液压控制管等构成。该系统的功能是将传感器和观测器获得的各种信息上传到控制中心，然后再将控制中心发出的各种指令下发传达，交给各个执行机构执行。

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">指挥控制系统则相当于“人脑”，主要利用各种编码程序，使机器人具有一定的判断、决策、控制和对话等能力，其作用是加工处理各种信息，继而指挥、控制机器人行动。

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">不过在实际运用中，人们并不要求每种机器人都“五脏俱全”，功能皆备。相反，根据军事活动的需要，为了强化武装机器人的某部分功能，科研人员往往会削弱甚至舍弃其他功能。以武装机器人中的侦察机器人和作战机器人为例，前者内部主要安装的是各种侦察设备；后者则主要配备各种战斗武器、目标搜索和瞄准器材等。

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">功能多样——

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">不仅仅是火力猛烈的战场粉碎机

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">在叙利亚战争中，俄军首次成建制派出了以“天王星-9”为核心的机器人作战连，采取“有人—无人”混合编组新型作战模式，仅用20分钟就攻下了一个高地，充分展现了武装机器人在现代战争中的威力。

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">作为俄罗斯研发的新一代无人作战平台，“天王星-9”重10余吨，装备了机关炮、反坦克导弹、防空导弹等武器，具有处理多方面威胁的能力。同时，操作员可在3000米外对其进行遥控指挥。

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">“天王星-9”这类由步战车经过无人化、智能化改造而来的无人战车机器人，在保留了传统装甲车火力猛烈、防护能力强等优点的同时，还能够通过无人编队作战或“有人—无人”混合编队作战的模式减少人员伤亡，提高作战效率，降低作战成本。

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">同理，科研人员对其他传统武器平台进行无人化、智能化改造，由此衍生出的无人机、无人艇、无人水下航行器等机器人，近年来都是军事领域的“明星”产品，特别是其中有的机器人可以直接搭载各型武器装备，能够实现战场火力平台的智能化升级，成为现代军事科技的一个重要发展方向。

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">基于武装机器人这种新型作战力量在未来战场上的非对称优势，许多国家都在自身防务策略中强调加紧对这类机器人的研发，并推进与之相适应的作战结构改革——

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">2005年，美国波士顿动力公司研发了四足机器人“大狗”。在携带150千克左右重物负载的情况下，“大狗”能够在不平坦的路面上模仿动物的步态稳定行走，减轻士兵后勤运输的负担。美国后续推出的同类产品“Spot”机器人，目前已经更新到了3.0版本，不仅能爬楼梯、抓取物品、跑步开门，还可以在遇到障碍物时动态规划路线，确保顺利前进。

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">2021年，俄罗斯军方对“标识器”机器人进行了为期两周的守卫勤务测试。“标识器”机器人是一种搭载了目标探测仪、热传感器、红外摄像机等多种武器模块的履带式或轮式作战车，测试中，该机器人表现出了良好的环境信息感知、自主路线规划、目标跟踪等类人化认知能力。俄罗斯军方对测试结果非常满意，随后拟将“标识器”机器人服役于俄罗斯警备机构，承担发射场等国家级设施的守卫任务。

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">在探雷排爆领域，武装机器人可以代替士兵排除并引爆地雷。比如，俄罗斯研制的“天王星-6”多功能扫雷机器人、以色列研制的“铁钳”排爆机器人、日本研制的“彗星2号”扫雷机器人，与传统的扫雷装备相比，它们都具有体积小、环境适应能力强、扫雷成本相对较低等优势。

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">后续发展——

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">最棘手的问题不在技术层面

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">许多国家都期望通过地面武装机器人开辟未来战场新赛道，但从目前来看，想要实现武装机器人完全替代或辅助协同人类士兵遂行作战任务，仍然面临许多挑战。

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">最直接的挑战来源于技术层面。

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">武装机器人普遍处于研发试验阶段，各国展示的机器人要么未经过实战检验，要么在战场上的表现与预估的能力差距较大。比如，美国的“大狗”机器人在工作时，其汽油机运行的声音震耳欲聋，容易暴露位置；即便是后来经过改进的“LS3”机器人，同样没有解决噪声问题，且无法通过山体斜面和山脊等特殊地形。由于人工智能技术还不够成熟，武装机器人在理解作战意图、规划任务路径、故障自动处理等方面，目前仍普遍存在不足。

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">不过，技术问题并不是武装机器人走向大规模应用的最关键问题。其后续发展面临一个巨大的伦理问题——是否应该授予配备有致死性武器的智能机器人完全自主的开火权限。

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">从“天王星-9”的设计中我们可以看到，该机器人最关键的武器开火权限被限定在操作人员手里。这并非技术层面不支持，而是如果为机器人开通了开火权限，那么携带枪支弹药的机器人有无可能攻击己方士兵？没有情感和同理心的武装机器人能否识别和区分医生、伤员和平民？这一系列问题，都是必须要考虑到的。可以预见的是，伴随着大数据、人工智能和武装机器人等技术的飞速发展，在战争中如何使用机器人将会是比机器人技术本身更复杂的问题。

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">

inkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">不过，其最终作用的发挥，只能由人类本身来决定，这也是包括武装机器人在内的智能武器系统，能够为“战争力量”增添筹码的必要前置条件。